What is Swimming Pool Syndrome? Understanding and Managing This Common Condition
What is Swimming Pool Syndrome?
Imagine this: you’ve just enjoyed a refreshing dip in your backyard swimming pool, the sun is shining, and relaxation is in the air. But then, a familiar discomfort starts to creep in – that persistent itching, stinging, or burning sensation in your ears. You might feel a dull ache, a sense of fullness, or even notice some discharge. This, my friends, is often the hallmark of what is commonly referred to as “swimming pool syndrome.” Essentially, swimming pool syndrome is a colloquial term for a type of outer ear infection, medically known as otitis externa. It’s a condition that affects many individuals, especially during warmer months when swimming and water activities are at their peak. It’s not a specific medical diagnosis with a precise definition like diabetes or hypertension, but rather a descriptive phrase that encapsulates the common experience of developing an ear infection after exposure to water, particularly in swimming pools.
I’ve certainly experienced this myself over the years, particularly after extended periods of swimming in lakes or the ocean during family vacations. The feeling of water trapped in my ear after a swim was always a precursor to that unmistakable itchiness, and if I wasn’t careful, it could quickly escalate into a painful infection. It’s that frustrating cycle of wanting to enjoy the water but knowing you might pay for it later with discomfort. This syndrome really highlights how even seemingly innocuous activities can sometimes lead to bothersome health issues if we aren’t mindful of the potential risks and preventative measures.
At its core, swimming pool syndrome signifies an infection of the external ear canal, the passage that leads from the outside of your head to your eardrum. This infection is typically caused by bacteria or, less commonly, fungi that thrive in moist environments. When water remains in the ear canal after swimming, it creates an ideal breeding ground for these microorganisms. The ear’s natural defense mechanisms, like earwax (cerumen), can be washed away or disrupted by prolonged water exposure, leaving the delicate skin of the ear canal vulnerable. The warm, humid environment left behind by trapped water is like a five-star resort for germs, and before you know it, you’re dealing with the discomfort of otitis externa.
The Underlying Causes and Contributing Factors
To truly understand swimming pool syndrome, we need to delve into what makes an ear susceptible in the first place. It’s not just about getting water in your ears; it’s about the conditions that allow that water to linger and microscopic invaders to flourish.
Disruption of the Ear’s Natural Defenses
Your ear canal is equipped with a natural cleaning system and protective barrier. Earwax, often mistakenly seen as something to be aggressively removed, plays a crucial role. It’s slightly acidic, which helps to inhibit bacterial growth, and it also traps debris and dirt, preventing them from reaching deeper into the ear. When you swim, especially for extended periods, the water can wash away this protective earwax. This leaves the sensitive skin lining the ear canal exposed and vulnerable to infection. Think of earwax as the ear’s natural raincoat; when it’s gone, the ear is much more susceptible to the “weather” of germs.
Furthermore, the ear canal has a natural self-cleaning mechanism. Tiny hairs and the outward migration of skin cells help to move debris and excess earwax toward the outer ear, where it can be naturally expelled. Vigorous cleaning with cotton swabs can disrupt this process, pushing wax deeper into the canal or even damaging the delicate skin, creating entry points for bacteria. This is a point that many people overlook; we often think we’re “cleaning” our ears, but we might actually be doing more harm than good.
The Role of Water Exposure
The name “swimming pool syndrome” itself points to the primary culprit: water. While any water exposure can potentially lead to an ear infection if the ear canal is already compromised, swimming pools are particularly notorious. This is due to several factors:
- Prolonged Immersion: The longer your ears are submerged in water, the more likely it is that water will become trapped and the ear’s natural defenses will be washed away.
- Alkalinity of Pool Water: Properly maintained swimming pools typically have a pH level between 7.2 and 7.8, which is slightly alkaline. While this is ideal for swimmers’ comfort, the ear’s natural pH is slightly acidic (around 5.5 to 6.8). Prolonged exposure to alkaline water can alter the ear canal’s pH, making it more susceptible to bacterial growth.
- Contaminants: Although pools are treated with disinfectants like chlorine, they can still harbor microorganisms. If the water isn’t adequately treated or if there’s a heavy bather load, bacteria can proliferate.
- Trapped Water: The shape of some ear canals, or even minor blockages from earwax, can make it difficult for water to drain out effectively after swimming. This creates a moist environment ideal for bacterial or fungal proliferation.
Bacterial and Fungal Agents
The most common culprits behind swimming pool syndrome are bacteria, particularly *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. This ubiquitous bacterium is found in soil, water, and on surfaces. It thrives in warm, moist environments and is a frequent cause of otitis externa. Other bacteria, such as *Staphylococcus aureus*, can also be responsible.
Fungal infections, known as otomycosis, are less common but can also occur, especially in individuals with compromised immune systems or those who have used antibiotics for a prolonged period, which can alter the natural balance of microorganisms in the ear. Fungi like *Aspergillus* are often implicated. Identifying the specific pathogen is usually the job of a healthcare professional, as treatment can differ.
Other Contributing Factors
Beyond water exposure and the disruption of natural defenses, several other factors can increase your risk of developing swimming pool syndrome:
- Damage to the Ear Canal: As mentioned, aggressive cleaning with cotton swabs, scratching the ear canal with fingernails, or using sharp objects can create micro-tears in the skin, providing an easy entry for pathogens.
- Skin Conditions: Underlying skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis can affect the ear canal, making it more prone to inflammation and infection.
- Hearing Aids and Earplugs: While beneficial for many, hearing aids and certain types of earplugs can trap moisture and reduce airflow in the ear canal, creating a conducive environment for infections, especially if not cleaned properly.
- Underlying Health Issues: Conditions like diabetes can impair the immune system and make individuals more susceptible to infections, including otitis externa.
- Frequent Swimming: For those who swim very frequently, especially in public pools, the constant exposure to water and potential pathogens increases the overall risk.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Swimming Pool Syndrome
The symptoms of swimming pool syndrome, or otitis externa, can vary in severity but are often quite distinctive. Recognizing these signs early is key to seeking prompt treatment and preventing the infection from worsening. The onset is typically gradual, starting subtly after water exposure and progressing over a few days.
Early Warning Signs
Before the full-blown infection sets in, you might experience some mild, early symptoms that serve as a warning. These can include:
- Itching: This is often the very first symptom, a mild to moderate itchiness deep within the ear canal. It can be quite annoying and difficult to resist scratching, which, as we’ve discussed, can exacerbate the problem.
- A Feeling of Fullness: Your ear might feel blocked or full, as if there’s water still trapped inside, even after you’ve tried to dry it.
- Mild Discomfort: A slight, dull ache or tenderness might be present.
Progressive Symptoms
As the infection takes hold, the symptoms usually intensify. This is when it becomes undeniable that something is wrong.
- Intense Itching and Pain: The itching becomes much more severe and can be accompanied by significant pain, especially when the ear is touched or when chewing. This pain can radiate to the jaw or side of the head.
- Redness and Swelling: The ear canal may become visibly red and swollen. This swelling can sometimes be so significant that it partially or completely closes the ear canal.
- Discharge: You might notice a clear, cloudy, or even yellowish discharge from the ear. This discharge can have an unpleasant odor.
- Hearing Difficulty: The swelling and discharge can block the ear canal, leading to temporary hearing loss or a muffled sensation in the affected ear.
- Tenderness to Touch: Gently pulling on the earlobe or pressing on the area in front of the ear (tragus) will likely cause significant pain.
In more severe cases, or if left untreated, the infection can spread, leading to fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and more intense pain. It’s crucial to seek medical attention if these more severe symptoms develop.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While mild itching or a feeling of fullness might resolve on its own, certain signs indicate that you should consult a healthcare professional. Prompt medical evaluation is essential for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment, preventing complications and ensuring a speedy recovery.
Key Indicators for Professional Consultation:
- Severe Pain: If the pain is intense, unbearable, or worsening rapidly, it’s time to see a doctor.
- Significant Discharge: Any pus-like or foul-smelling discharge from the ear warrants medical attention.
- Fever: A fever can indicate that the infection is spreading or becoming more severe.
- Swelling that Closes the Ear Canal: If the ear canal appears significantly swollen or blocked, making it impossible to see inside, a doctor needs to assess it.
- Hearing Loss: Sudden or significant hearing loss in the affected ear is a serious symptom.
- Underlying Health Conditions: If you have diabetes, a weakened immune system, or a history of ear problems, it’s always best to err on the side of caution and consult a doctor for any ear discomfort.
- Symptoms Not Improving: If your symptoms don’t start to improve within a day or two of home care, or if they worsen, medical intervention is necessary.
It’s important to remember that self-treating a potentially serious ear infection can lead to complications. A doctor can properly diagnose the cause (bacterial, fungal, etc.) and prescribe the most effective treatment.
Diagnosis and Medical Treatment of Swimming Pool Syndrome
When you visit a doctor with symptoms suggestive of swimming pool syndrome, they will typically follow a diagnostic process and then outline a treatment plan tailored to your specific condition.
The Diagnostic Process
The primary tool for diagnosing otitis externa is a thorough physical examination of the ear.
- Medical History: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, when they started, any recent water exposure, and your medical history.
- Otoscopy: Using an otoscope (a lighted instrument), the doctor will carefully examine the ear canal and eardrum. They will look for redness, swelling, discharge, and any signs of damage to the eardrum. The appearance of the ear canal is often very indicative of otitis externa.
- Swab for Culture (Sometimes): If the discharge is significant or the infection is recurrent or not responding to initial treatment, the doctor might take a sample of the discharge to send to a lab. This culture can identify the specific bacteria or fungus causing the infection, helping to guide antibiotic or antifungal selection.
Medical Treatment Options
Treatment for swimming pool syndrome typically involves a combination of cleaning the ear and using topical medications. Systemic (oral) antibiotics are rarely needed unless the infection is very severe or has spread.
- Ear Cleaning: The first step often involves the doctor gently cleaning the ear canal to remove debris, discharge, and any excess earwax. This allows the topical medications to reach the infected skin more effectively. This is crucial because without cleaning, the medication might not be able to penetrate the infected area properly.
- Topical Antibiotic or Antifungal Drops: These are the mainstay of treatment. They are usually prescribed as ear drops and are instilled directly into the ear canal several times a day. The type of drops will depend on whether the infection is bacterial or fungal. Common ingredients include antibiotics like ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin, or antifungal agents. Corticosteroids are often included in the drops to reduce inflammation and relieve itching and pain.
- Pain Management: Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen can help manage discomfort. In some cases, a doctor might prescribe stronger pain medication. Warm compresses applied to the outside of the ear can also provide some relief.
- Oral Antibiotics (Rarely): If the infection is very severe, involves the mastoid bone (a bone behind the ear), or if the person has a compromised immune system, oral antibiotics might be prescribed.
- Addressing Underlying Factors: If the infection is linked to a skin condition or the use of hearing aids, the doctor will also provide advice on managing these factors.
It’s very important to complete the full course of prescribed ear drops, even if symptoms improve sooner. Stopping too early can lead to a recurrence of the infection. Also, avoid getting water in the ear canal while you are being treated. Your doctor will likely advise you to keep the ear dry.
Preventing Swimming Pool Syndrome: A Proactive Approach
The best way to deal with swimming pool syndrome is to prevent it from happening in the first place. By taking a few simple, proactive steps, you can significantly reduce your risk and enjoy your water activities with less worry. Prevention is truly key, and thankfully, many of the preventative measures are quite straightforward.
Essential Prevention Strategies:
- Dry Your Ears Thoroughly After Water Exposure: This is arguably the most critical step. After swimming, showering, or any water activity, gently dry your outer ear with a soft towel. You can tilt your head to each side to help water drain out. A hairdryer on a low, cool setting held at a distance can also be used to gently dry the outer ear canal.
- Use Over-the-Counter Drying Drops: There are several over-the-counter ear drying drops available. These typically contain isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid, which help to evaporate any remaining water and restore the ear canal’s natural acidic pH. Use them as directed after swimming.
- Avoid Cotton Swabs and Deep Cleaning: As we’ve emphasized, avoid inserting anything into your ear canal, especially cotton swabs. They can push wax deeper, damage the skin, and remove protective earwax. Let your ears clean themselves naturally. If you have excessive earwax buildup, consult your doctor for safe removal methods.
- Consider Earplugs for Swimming: For individuals prone to ear infections or those who swim frequently, custom-fitted or well-fitting over-the-counter earplugs can be a lifesaver. Ensure they create a good seal to keep water out.
- Maintain Pool Hygiene: While this is more for pool operators, being aware of pool maintenance can be helpful. Ensure swimming pools are properly chlorinated and maintained according to health standards. Avoid swimming in pools that appear dirty or poorly maintained.
- Be Cautious with Other People’s Earwax/Debris: While it sounds obvious, avoid sharing earbuds or headphones that might have come into contact with earwax or debris from others.
- Manage Skin Conditions: If you suffer from eczema or other skin conditions that affect your ears, work with your doctor to manage them effectively.
- Consider Protective Ear Care Products: Some swimmers use specially designed ear drops that create a barrier against water. Research these products and discuss them with your doctor or pharmacist.
Implementing these practices can make a world of difference in preventing that familiar discomfort and allowing you to enjoy water-based activities without the looming threat of an ear infection.
Myths and Misconceptions About Swimming Pool Syndrome
Like many common health issues, swimming pool syndrome is surrounded by its share of myths and misconceptions. Dispelling these can help people make better decisions about prevention and treatment.
Common Myths:
- Myth: “Swimmer’s Ear” is only caused by swimming in pools.
Reality: While swimming pools are a common source, any water that remains in the ear canal for an extended period can lead to otitis externa. This includes water from lakes, rivers, oceans, or even prolonged exposure to steam or humidity. The key factor is the trapped moisture allowing pathogens to multiply. - Myth: Earwax is dirty and needs to be removed completely.
Reality: Earwax (cerumen) is a natural and beneficial substance produced by the ear. It has antimicrobial properties, lubricates the ear canal, and traps debris. Aggressively removing it can actually make you more susceptible to infections by stripping away this protective layer and potentially damaging the ear canal. - Myth: Putting rubbing alcohol or hydrogen peroxide in the ear will cure an infection.
Reality: While diluted alcohol can sometimes be used as a preventative measure for drying, undiluted rubbing alcohol or hydrogen peroxide can irritate and dry out the ear canal, potentially worsening the condition. They are not effective treatments for an established infection and can cause further damage. Always consult a doctor before using home remedies. - Myth: You can’t swim when you have an ear infection.
Reality: This depends on the severity and type of infection, as well as your doctor’s recommendation. During an active infection, keeping the ear dry is crucial, so swimming would typically be avoided. However, once the infection is clearing and with a doctor’s approval, you might be able to resume swimming, especially if you take strict preventative measures. - Myth: Children are the only ones who get “swimmer’s ear.”
Reality: While children’s ear canals can be narrower and thus more prone to trapping water, adults can absolutely develop otitis externa. Anyone who swims or has water exposure can be affected.
Understanding the facts behind these myths can empower individuals to take the right steps for ear health.
Living with and Managing Recurrent Swimming Pool Syndrome
For some individuals, swimming pool syndrome isn’t just a one-time annoyance; it can become a recurring problem. This can be incredibly frustrating, especially for those who love water activities. If you find yourself frequently battling ear infections after swimming, it’s essential to work with your doctor to identify the underlying causes and develop a long-term management plan.
Strategies for Recurrent Cases:
If you’re one of the unlucky ones who seem to get an ear infection every time you go for a swim, don’t despair. There are definitely strategies that can help manage and reduce the frequency of these bothersome episodes.
- Consistent Preventative Measures: This cannot be stressed enough. Make ear drying drops, thorough drying, and avoiding cotton swabs a consistent part of your routine after *any* water exposure, not just when you think you might be at risk.
- Custom-Molded Earplugs: Over-the-counter earplugs are good, but custom-molded ones offer a superior seal and are often more comfortable for extended wear. An audiologist can create these for you. They are an investment, but for frequent swimmers, they can be invaluable.
- Reviewing Ear Cleaning Habits: If you have a history of over-cleaning your ears, consider a gentler approach. Discuss with your doctor about safe methods for earwax management if you experience significant buildup.
- Addressing Underlying Skin Conditions: If eczema or dermatitis is contributing, a dermatologist and your primary care physician can work together to find effective treatments that keep your ear canals healthy.
- Diet and Immune Support: While not a direct cause, a strong immune system is always beneficial. Ensuring a balanced diet and adequate sleep can support your body’s natural defenses.
- Exploring Antibiotic Prophylaxis (Under Medical Supervision): In very severe and recurrent cases, a doctor might consider a short course of prophylactic (preventative) antibiotic ear drops before or after significant water exposure, but this is typically a last resort due to concerns about antibiotic resistance.
- Lifestyle Adjustments: If swimming in public pools is a consistent trigger, perhaps exploring alternative forms of exercise during certain times of the year or opting for less chlorinated pools might be considered.
It’s important to have an open conversation with your doctor about your recurrent infections. They can help pinpoint potential causes you might have overlooked and tailor a more aggressive prevention strategy. Sometimes, it’s a combination of factors, and a persistent, multi-faceted approach is needed.
Frequently Asked Questions About Swimming Pool Syndrome
Q1: How long does swimming pool syndrome typically last?
The duration of swimming pool syndrome, or otitis externa, can vary depending on the severity of the infection and how promptly and effectively it is treated. In most mild to moderate cases, with appropriate medical treatment, symptoms like pain and itching usually begin to improve within 24 to 48 hours. However, the ear canal may take a full week to 10 days to heal completely. It’s crucial to continue using prescribed ear drops for the entire duration recommended by your doctor, even if you start feeling better sooner. Prematurely stopping treatment can lead to the infection returning or becoming more difficult to treat. If the infection is severe or complicated, recovery might take longer, and it’s essential to follow your doctor’s guidance closely.
During the healing process, it’s important to keep the ear dry and avoid any activities that might irritate it. This means refraining from swimming, wearing headphones that insert into the ear, or using cotton swabs. Your doctor might schedule a follow-up appointment to check on the healing progress and ensure the infection has cleared. If symptoms persist or worsen despite treatment, it’s vital to seek further medical advice, as this could indicate a resistant infection or a different underlying issue.
Q2: Can swimming pool syndrome cause permanent hearing loss?
Generally, swimming pool syndrome, when treated appropriately and promptly, does not cause permanent hearing loss. The hearing loss experienced during an active infection is typically temporary and is due to the swelling and blockage of the ear canal by inflammation and discharge. As the infection resolves and the swelling subsides, hearing usually returns to normal.
However, there are some exceptions and potential complications to be aware of. If the infection is very severe, extends to the eardrum, or leads to a perforated eardrum (a hole in the eardrum), it could potentially cause more significant or longer-lasting hearing impairment. In rare instances, a severe, untreated infection can spread to deeper structures of the ear, potentially affecting the hearing bones or causing more serious complications like mastoiditis, which could impact hearing. Additionally, if the infection leads to significant scarring within the ear canal, it might cause some residual hearing difficulties. This underscores the importance of seeking medical attention early for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent such complications.
Q3: How can I safely clean my ears after swimming?
The safest approach to “cleaning” your ears after swimming is focused on drying them effectively rather than cleaning in the traditional sense. Aggressive cleaning can actually predispose you to infections. Here’s how to do it safely:
- Gentle Towel Drying: After swimming or showering, use a soft towel to gently dry the outer parts of your ear.
- Tilting Your Head: Tilt your head to each side, allowing gravity to help any trapped water drain out from the ear canal.
- Using a Hairdryer (Cool Setting): You can use a hairdryer on its lowest, coolest setting, holding it at least a foot away from your ear. This can help to evaporate any residual moisture deep within the ear canal. Be very cautious not to use heat, as this can damage the delicate skin.
- Over-the-Counter Ear Drying Drops: These are highly recommended, especially for those prone to infections. They usually contain a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid. The alcohol helps to evaporate water, and the acetic acid helps to restore the ear canal’s natural acidic pH, which inhibits bacterial growth. Follow the product instructions carefully, typically instilling a few drops after swimming and allowing them to work for a minute or two before tilting your head to drain.
What to Avoid:
- Cotton Swabs: Never insert cotton swabs into your ear canal. They can push earwax and debris deeper, create micro-tears in the skin, and remove the protective earwax layer, making you more vulnerable to infection.
- Sharp Objects: Never use things like paper clips, bobby pins, or keys to try and clean your ears. These can cause serious injury and infection.
- Aggressive Syringing (Unless Done by a Doctor): While ear syringing can be effective for removing impacted earwax, it should only be performed by a healthcare professional. Improper syringing can damage the eardrum.
Remember, the goal is to remove moisture and maintain the ear’s natural environment, not to scrub it clean.
Q4: Is swimming pool syndrome contagious?
Swimming pool syndrome, or otitis externa, is generally not considered contagious in the way that a cold or the flu is. The infections are typically caused by bacteria or fungi that are naturally present in the environment or on our skin. You don’t “catch” otitis externa from another person directly through casual contact, like shaking hands or sharing utensils.
However, it’s important to understand that the pathogens causing the infection (like *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*) are ubiquitous and thrive in moist environments. While you can’t catch the infection from someone, you can be exposed to the same bacteria in contaminated water or environments that might lead to an infection if your ear canal is susceptible. For example, if you share a bath towel that has been in contact with infected discharge and then use it to dry your ear, there’s a theoretical, albeit low, risk of transmission. But the primary mechanism of infection is through the *individual’s ear canal* becoming a breeding ground for these common microorganisms due to factors like trapped water and damaged skin, rather than direct person-to-person transmission.
Q5: What are the risks of ignoring swimming pool syndrome symptoms?
Ignoring the symptoms of swimming pool syndrome can lead to several complications, ranging from increased discomfort to more serious health issues. Here are the primary risks:
- Worsening Infection: The most immediate risk is that the infection will worsen. What starts as mild itching and discomfort can rapidly progress to severe pain, significant swelling, and profuse discharge.
- Spread of Infection: If left untreated, the infection can spread beyond the outer ear canal. This can lead to:
- Cellulitis: A bacterial skin infection that can affect the outer ear and surrounding tissues.
- Perichondritis: Inflammation of the cartilage of the outer ear, which can be very painful and lead to deformities of the ear if severe.
- Malignant Otitis Externa: In rare, severe cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems (like those with diabetes), the infection can spread into the bone and cartilage of the skull base. This is a serious condition called malignant otitis externa, which can be life-threatening if not treated aggressively.
- Permanent Hearing Damage: As mentioned earlier, while typically temporary, severe or complicated infections can potentially lead to scarring or damage that results in permanent hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
- Chronic Otitis Externa: If infections are recurrent or not fully treated, they can sometimes lead to a chronic form of otitis externa, which is more persistent and difficult to manage.
- Increased Pain and Discomfort: Simply put, ignoring the problem means prolonging the suffering. The pain and itching can become debilitating, affecting sleep, concentration, and overall quality of life.
It is always best to seek medical advice as soon as you suspect an ear infection. Early intervention is key to a quick and complete recovery and avoiding these potential complications.
Conclusion
Swimming pool syndrome, or otitis externa, is a common and often uncomfortable condition that arises from water trapped in the ear canal, creating an environment where bacteria or fungi can flourish. While the name suggests a direct link only to swimming pools, any prolonged water exposure can be a culprit. Understanding its causes—ranging from the disruption of the ear’s natural defenses to the presence of microorganisms—is the first step toward prevention. Recognizing the characteristic symptoms, from initial itching to severe pain and discharge, is crucial for timely intervention.
The good news is that swimming pool syndrome is largely preventable. By adopting simple yet effective habits like thoroughly drying your ears after water exposure, utilizing ear drying drops, and refraining from inserting objects like cotton swabs into your ear canal, you can significantly lower your risk. For those who are particularly susceptible or swim frequently, custom-fitted earplugs can be a worthwhile investment.
When symptoms do arise, prompt medical attention is essential. A doctor can accurately diagnose the infection and prescribe appropriate treatment, typically involving ear drops and pain management. While the condition is usually temporary, ignoring symptoms can lead to more severe infections, potential hearing loss, and chronic issues. By staying informed, practicing good ear hygiene, and seeking professional help when needed, you can enjoy your water activities with greater peace of mind, ensuring that the only thing left behind after a swim is the refreshing feeling, not the discomfort of an ear infection. My own experiences have taught me the importance of these preventative measures; a few extra minutes spent drying my ears can save me days of pain and worry. It’s a small effort for a significant benefit to my ear health.