Which Cashback Card Has the Highest Rate: A Deep Dive for Savvy Spenders
Which Cashback Card Has the Highest Rate: A Deep Dive for Savvy Spenders
I remember staring at my credit card statement, a familiar pang of “what if” in my gut. For years, I’d been using a card that offered a decent, but not exactly thrilling, 1% cashback on everything. It felt like I was leaving money on the table, and frankly, it was a little disheartening. The question that constantly nagged me was: which cashback card has the highest rate? This isn’t just about chasing a few extra bucks; it’s about optimizing your spending and making your everyday purchases work for you. After extensive research and a bit of personal experimentation, I can tell you this: the answer isn’t a simple one-size-fits-all figure. It’s a nuanced landscape where the “highest rate” often depends on your spending habits and what you prioritize.
The quest for the highest cashback rate often leads consumers down a rabbit hole of complex reward structures, tiered categories, and confusing terms. My initial goal was straightforward: find a card that simply gave me the most money back, period. However, I quickly learned that the cards boasting the highest *advertised* rates usually come with caveats. These are often limited to specific spending categories, temporary bonus periods, or require you to meet certain spending thresholds. For someone like me, who spends across a variety of categories, a blanket 2% or even 3% on everything would be ideal, but these are rarer beasts. More commonly, you’ll find cards offering 5% or even 6% cashback in select categories, but only up to a certain limit each quarter.
So, let’s get to the heart of it: **Which cashback card has the highest rate?** Generally speaking, the highest *potential* cashback rates are achieved through cards that offer 5% or 6% in rotating or pre-defined bonus categories, often capped at a quarterly spending limit. However, for everyday spending without category restrictions, a flat-rate card offering 2% cashback on all purchases is typically among the top performers. It’s crucial to understand that “highest rate” is subjective and depends entirely on how you spend your money.
Understanding the Nuances of “Highest Rate”
The concept of a “highest rate” in cashback is akin to asking what’s the “best” car. Is it the fastest? The most fuel-efficient? The safest? The most luxurious? Similarly, the highest cashback rate isn’t an absolute value; it’s relative to the conditions under which it’s earned. We can break down these top-tier rates into a few key types:
- Rotating Bonus Category Cards: These are often the ones that grab headlines with their advertised 5% or even 6% cashback. However, these categories typically change every quarter (e.g., gas stations, grocery stores, Amazon, specific online retailers). You usually need to actively “activate” these categories each quarter to earn the bonus. The catch? There’s almost always a spending cap, often around $1,500 per quarter. Beyond that cap, your cashback rate usually drops to a standard 1%.
- Fixed Bonus Category Cards: Unlike rotating categories, these cards offer elevated cashback on specific types of spending all the time. Think 3% on groceries, 3% on dining, or 3% on gas. While not as high as the rotating categories, they provide a more consistent bonus for your regular spending habits. Some cards might offer 2% on everything plus a bonus category, or a tiered system.
- Flat-Rate Cashback Cards: These are the straightforward champions of simplicity. They offer a single, consistent cashback rate on every purchase, regardless of the category. The best of these will offer 2% cashback on all spending. While 2% might not sound as exciting as 5% or 6%, for individuals who spend a lot across diverse categories and don’t want to keep track of rotating categories, a 2% flat rate can easily yield more total cashback than a 5% card with a low spending cap.
- Welcome Bonuses: Many cards offer a substantial welcome bonus, often in the form of a percentage of your spending back after meeting a minimum spend within the first few months. For example, “earn $200 back after spending $1,000 in the first 3 months.” While this can represent a very high *initial* rate of return, it’s a one-time bonus and doesn’t reflect the ongoing cashback rate.
My Own Journey: From 1% to Strategic Optimization
My personal evolution with cashback cards began with that unassuming 1% card. It was easy, I didn’t have to think about it, but as my spending increased, so did my awareness of missed opportunities. I started noticing friends and colleagues talking about their higher earnings, and that’s when I began my deep dive. My initial thought was to find a single card with the absolute highest rate. That led me to explore cards with rotating categories. I signed up for one that offered 5% on gas and groceries for the first quarter. It was fantastic! I maxed out the $1,500 spending cap within the first two months, earning a cool $75. But then, the next quarter, it was on specific travel bookings and streaming services – categories where I didn’t spend much. Suddenly, that 5% card was essentially a 1% card for my typical expenses.
This experience taught me a valuable lesson: the “highest rate” is often a fleeting opportunity unless it aligns perfectly with your spending. I realized that a diversified strategy might be more effective. I started looking for cards that could cover my major spending areas. I ended up with two primary cards. One is a flat-rate 2% cashback card that I use for all my general purchases, from utility bills to random online shopping. This ensures I’m always getting a decent return. The second card is a rotating category card that I strategically deploy during quarters where the bonus categories align with my significant spending (e.g., if it’s 5% on groceries and dining and I know I’ll be spending a lot in those areas). This combination allows me to capture higher rates where it makes sense, without sacrificing consistent earnings on everything else.
Top Contenders for the Highest Cashback Rates (as of my latest analysis)
It’s important to preface this by saying that credit card offers and terms can change frequently. Always check the issuer’s website for the most up-to-date information. However, based on current market offerings, here are some of the types of cards that consistently offer the highest rates, along with their typical structures:
Cards Offering High Rates in Rotating Categories (Often 5%-6%)
These cards are the darlings of cashback maximization if you’re willing to stay on top of the quarterly changes and spending caps. They typically require you to log in each quarter to activate the bonus categories.
- Discover it Cash Back: This card is a perennial favorite for its rotating 5% cashback categories that change quarterly, up to a $1,500 spending limit each quarter. Categories have included popular spots like Amazon.com, grocery stores, gas stations, restaurants, and more. After you hit the $1,500 cap, you earn 1% on further purchases within that quarter. A standout feature is that Discover matches all the cashback you’ve earned at the end of your first year, effectively doubling your cashback for that initial year. This makes it incredibly powerful for new cardholders.
- Chase Freedom Flex℠: Similar to Discover it, this card offers 5% cashback on up to $1,500 in combined purchases in bonus categories each quarter you activate. The categories are varied and often include popular spending areas. What sets the Chase Freedom Flex apart is its inclusion of 5% on travel purchased through Chase Ultimate Rewards®, 3% on dining and drugstores, and 1% on all other purchases. For those who use the Chase Ultimate Rewards program, this card can be a gateway to much higher value if points are redeemed strategically for travel.
- Citi Custom Cash℠ Card: This card is a bit different but can be a top earner for specific spending patterns. It automatically places your highest eligible spending category into a 5% cashback tier, up to $500 spent per billing cycle. All other purchases earn a flat 1%. The eligible categories are quite broad: restaurants, gas stations, drugstores, home improvement stores, home furnishings stores, select travel, select entertainment, Amazon.com, and grocery stores. This means if your highest spending is consistently in one of these areas, you’re essentially getting a 5% card for that category without needing to activate anything.
Personal Commentary: I’ve experimented with rotating category cards, and while the potential is there, it requires discipline. For instance, if my rent is paid via a portal that accepts credit cards, and that portal falls into a bonus category, I’ll definitely strategize to hit that cap. But for everyday, unpredictable spending, it can be a headache to constantly check and activate. The Citi Custom Cash is appealing because it’s more automatic, but the $500 monthly cap means it’s best for those whose primary spending is concentrated in one of its bonus categories. Discover it’s first-year double cashback is a massive draw, effectively making it 10% on bonus categories for that year.
Cards Offering High Flat-Rate Cashback (Typically 2%)
For those who value simplicity and consistency, flat-rate cards are the way to go. The best of these offer a substantial 2% cashback on every purchase.
- Citi® Double Cash Card: This card is incredibly popular for its straightforward 2% cashback structure: 1% as you buy and another 1% as you pay for your purchases. There are no rotating categories, no activation required, and no spending caps on the cashback earned. This makes it an excellent workhorse card for everyday spending. While it doesn’t offer the *highest possible* rate in specific categories, its consistent 2% on everything makes it a top contender for overall cashback earnings for many individuals.
- Capital One Quicksilver Cash Rewards Credit Card: The Quicksilver card offers unlimited 1.5% cashback on every purchase, every day. While not a 2% card, it’s very competitive due to its simplicity and lack of rotating categories. It also boasts no foreign transaction fees, making it a great travel companion. Capital One often runs promotions, and the card is known for being accessible to a wide range of credit scores.
- Wells Fargo Active Cash℠ Card: This card has entered the arena with a strong offer: unlimited 2% cashback on all purchases. Similar to the Citi Double Cash, there are no bonus categories to track, no caps, and no foreign transaction fees. It also offers a compelling introductory 0% APR on purchases and balance transfers for a certain period, which can be incredibly valuable.
Personal Commentary: I’ve found a flat-rate 2% card to be my everyday essential. The peace of mind knowing I’m earning a consistent return, no matter what I buy, is invaluable. While the rotating categories might offer a higher percentage momentarily, the aggregate amount earned from a steady 2% on all my spending often surpasses what I’d get from a card with more complex rules. The Wells Fargo Active Cash, with its 2% and introductory APR, has become a very strong contender in this space, offering great flexibility.
Cards with Hybrid Structures or Higher Potential for Specific Spenders
Some cards blend features or offer exceptional value for very specific types of spending.
- Blue Cash Preferred® Card from American Express: This card offers a higher rate on certain everyday spending categories. It earns 6% cashback on purchases at U.S. supermarkets (on up to $6,000 per year in purchases, then 1%) and 6% on U.S. streaming subscriptions (on up to $6,000 per year in purchases, then 1%). It also offers 3% cashback on U.S. gas stations and transit (including ride shares, parking, tolls, trains, etc.) and 1% on all other eligible purchases. This card is phenomenal if your grocery and streaming bills are high, but it comes with an annual fee.
- IHG One Rewards Premier Credit Card (and other co-branded travel cards): While primarily travel cards, many co-branded cards offer elevated cashback rates on categories that align with their brand. For example, an IHG card might offer bonus points (which can be redeemed for free nights) on IHG hotel stays, gas, and dining. If you’re loyal to a specific hotel chain or airline, the rewards you earn might translate to a higher effective value than straightforward cashback, especially if you redeem for premium travel. The “cashback rate” here is more about the value of redeemed rewards.
Personal Commentary: The Blue Cash Preferred is a powerhouse if you fit its niche. I know people who rack up hundreds of dollars in cashback annually just from groceries and streaming. However, the annual fee and the cap on the 6% categories mean you really have to do the math to ensure the cashback earned outweighs the fee. For travelers, co-branded cards are a whole other ballgame. If you can get outsized value from your free hotel nights or flights, that’s often a higher return than any cashback card could offer.
How to Determine Which Cashback Card is Truly “Highest” for YOU
The pursuit of the highest cashback rate isn’t about finding a single card that universally offers the most. It’s about a personalized strategy. Here’s how to approach it:
Step 1: Analyze Your Spending Habits
This is the absolute cornerstone of maximizing cashback. You can’t pick the right card if you don’t know where your money is going. Grab your bank statements, credit card statements, or use a budgeting app to track your spending for the last 3-6 months. Categorize your expenses. Where do you spend the most? Is it groceries? Dining out? Gas? Online shopping? Travel? Entertainment?
Step 2: Identify Your Top Spending Categories
Once you have your categories, pinpoint your largest ones. Are you consistently spending $500 a month on groceries? Do you fill up your gas tank twice a week? Do you dine out frequently? These are the areas where a bonus category card can yield the most significant returns.
Step 3: Consider Your Tolerance for Complexity
Are you someone who enjoys tracking rotating categories, activating offers, and managing multiple cards to maximize every dollar? Or do you prefer a simple, set-it-and-forget-it approach? Your personality and lifestyle will dictate which type of card is best suited for you. A complex strategy with multiple cards might offer a higher *potential* rate, but if it causes you stress or you miss bonus opportunities, a simpler, slightly lower rate might be more practical.
Step 4: Calculate Potential Earnings
Let’s do some hypothetical math. Suppose your monthly spending is:
- Groceries: $600
- Gas: $200
- Dining: $300
- General Purchases: $900
- Total Monthly Spending: $2,000
- Total Annual Spending: $24,000
Now, let’s compare a few scenarios:
- Scenario A: Flat-Rate 2% Card (e.g., Wells Fargo Active Cash, Citi Double Cash)
- Annual Cashback: $24,000 * 0.02 = $480
- Scenario B: Rotating Category Card (e.g., Chase Freedom Flex, Discover it) with 5% on Groceries and Gas (quarterly cap $1,500 combined)
- Assume 3 months of 5% on Groceries ($600/month) and Gas ($200/month) = $800/month * 3 months = $2,400 in bonus spending.
- Cashback from bonus categories: $2,400 * 0.05 = $120
- Remaining spending in bonus quarter (Groceries/Gas): $800 – $2,400 (can’t spend more than you earn) = $0 in bonus spending. (Wait, this logic is flawed. You spend $800/month, so $2400 is covered. You hit the cap.)
- Let’s rephrase: For 3 months, you spend $600 on groceries and $200 on gas. Total $800. This is well within the $1,500 quarterly cap. So for these 3 months, you earn $800 * 0.05 = $40.
- What about the other 9 months? Let’s say for 3 months it’s 5% on dining and Amazon, and for 3 months it’s 5% on travel and entertainment.
- Quarter 1 (Groceries/Gas): $800 spent * 0.05 = $40. Remaining $700 in quarterly cap unused. Your overall spending for this quarter is $2000. Assume $1200 was Groceries/Gas, $800 was other. So $1200 * 0.05 = $60. The remaining $800 spent on other categories at 1% = $8. Total for Q1: $68.
- Quarter 2 (Dining/Amazon): You spend $300 on dining. Let’s say you spend another $300 on Amazon. Total $600. $600 * 0.05 = $30. Remaining $900 of the cap unused. Your overall spending for this quarter is $2000. Assume $300 dining, $300 Amazon, $1400 other. $600 * 0.05 = $30. The remaining $1400 spent on other categories at 1% = $14. Total for Q2: $44.
- Quarter 3 (Travel/Entertainment): Let’s say you spend $200 on travel and $100 on entertainment. Total $300. $300 * 0.05 = $15. Remaining $1200 of the cap unused. Your overall spending for this quarter is $2000. Assume $300 travel/entertainment, $1700 other. $300 * 0.05 = $15. The remaining $1700 spent on other categories at 1% = $17. Total for Q3: $32.
- Quarter 4 (No major spending in categories): You spend $2000 at 1%. Total for Q4: $20.
- Total Annual Cashback (Scenario B): $68 + $44 + $32 + $20 = $164. This is significantly lower than the flat-rate card! This highlights how important spending alignment is.
- Scenario C: Blue Cash Preferred (6% on Groceries up to $6k/year, 6% on Streaming up to $6k/year, 3% on Gas)
- Groceries: $600/month * 12 months = $7,200. You get 6% on the first $6,000: $6,000 * 0.06 = $360. The remaining $1,200 earns 1%: $1,200 * 0.01 = $12. Total from groceries = $372.
- Gas: $200/month * 12 months = $2,400. You get 3%: $2,400 * 0.03 = $72.
- Dining: $300/month * 12 months = $3,600. This earns 1%: $3,600 * 0.01 = $36.
- General Purchases: $900/month * 12 months = $10,800. This earns 1%: $10,800 * 0.01 = $108.
- Total Cashback: $372 (groceries) + $72 (gas) + $36 (dining) + $108 (general) = $588.
- Subtract Annual Fee: If the annual fee is $95, then $588 – $95 = $493.
In this hypothetical, the Blue Cash Preferred ($493) and the Flat-Rate 2% card ($480) are very close, with the Blue Cash Preferred having a slight edge. The rotating category card, in this specific, non-aligned scenario, performed poorly. This exercise is crucial!
Step 5: Factor in Other Benefits and Fees
Don’t just look at the rate. Consider:
- Annual Fee: Does the card have one? If so, can you earn enough cashback to offset it? Cards with higher rates (like 6%) often have annual fees.
- Welcome Bonus: A significant one-time bonus can be very attractive, but don’t let it blind you to the card’s ongoing rate.
- Introductory APR: If you have a large purchase planned or need to transfer a balance, a 0% introductory APR can save you substantial interest charges.
- Other Perks: Travel insurance, purchase protection, extended warranty, airport lounge access, etc. These might add value depending on your needs.
- Redemption Options: How can you redeem your cashback? Statement credits, direct deposit, checks, gift cards, travel portals? Are there minimum redemption amounts?
Step 6: Read the Fine Print
This is non-negotiable. Understand what constitutes eligible purchases, how spending caps work, when categories change, and any potential restrictions. For example, some cards exclude warehouse clubs (like Costco) or wholesale stores from their grocery bonus categories.
The Best Cashback Cards for Different Spenders
Based on the analysis above, here’s a breakdown of which types of cards might suit different spending profiles best:
For the “Set It and Forget It” Spender:
If you want to earn cashback without thinking about it, a flat-rate 2% card is your best bet. Cards like the Wells Fargo Active Cash℠ Card and the Citi® Double Cash Card are ideal. They offer consistent returns on every purchase, making them incredibly reliable. You simply use the card for all your spending and let the cashback accumulate.
For the “Grocery Guru” or “Streamer”:
If a significant portion of your monthly budget goes towards groceries and/or streaming services, the Blue Cash Preferred® Card from American Express can be a top performer, provided you can maximize the 6% categories up to their limits and the annual fee is justified by your spending. Even after hitting the cap, you still earn 1% on these purchases, and the 3% on gas and transit adds further value.
For the “Category Mastermind” (and Optimizer):
If you love tracking opportunities and strategically shifting your spending to take advantage of bonus categories, then cards like the Chase Freedom Flex℠ and Discover it Cash Back are excellent choices. You can earn a fantastic 5% on popular rotating categories, but you must remember to activate them quarterly. For those who can consistently hit the $1,500 quarterly spending cap in bonus categories, these cards can be highly lucrative.
For the “Flexible Spender” with a Favorite Merchant:
The Citi Custom Cash℠ Card is uniquely suited for individuals whose highest spending category falls within its eligible list. If you consistently spend over $500 a month on dining, gas, or Amazon purchases, for example, this card automatically rewards you with 5% on those purchases without any activation needed, up to that monthly limit. It offers a more dynamic, yet still automated, approach to category bonuses.
For the “Traveler Who Also Wants Cashback”:
While not strictly cashback cards, many travel rewards cards offer compelling benefits that can be *converted* into high-value rewards, effectively acting like cashback if redeemed wisely. Cards like the Chase Sapphire Preferred® Card or the Capital One Venture X Rewards Credit Card, when used for travel booked through their respective portals or for everyday spending that earns transferable points, can yield much higher returns than a 1-2% cashback card, especially if those points are redeemed for premium travel experiences. The “cashback rate” becomes the effective value per point multiplied by the points earned.
Frequently Asked Questions about Cashback Rates
How do I calculate my effective cashback rate?
Calculating your effective cashback rate involves looking at the total cashback you earn over a period (say, a year) and dividing it by your total spending during that same period.
For example, if you spent $24,000 in a year and earned $480 in cashback, your effective rate is $480 / $24,000 = 0.02, or 2%.
If you have a card with rotating categories and spent $1,500 in a quarter at 5% ($75) and the remaining $500 at 1% ($5), your total cashback for that quarter is $80. If your total spending for that quarter was $2,000, your effective rate for that quarter is $80 / $2,000 = 0.04, or 4%.
It’s important to calculate this based on your actual spending patterns and the specific card’s terms. Don’t just rely on the advertised 5% or 6% if you know you won’t hit the spending caps or won’t spend in those categories.
Why is it so hard to find a simple 3% or 4% cashback card on everything?
Credit card issuers offer cashback as a way to attract and retain customers. The rates they offer are a carefully calculated cost of doing business. Offering a flat 3% or 4% on all purchases would be extremely expensive for them, especially considering that a significant portion of cardholders might not carry a balance and therefore don’t generate interest income.
Higher cashback rates are usually subsidized by merchant fees (the percentage a merchant pays each time a customer uses a credit card) and, for many issuers, by the interest income generated from customers who carry a balance. Banks can afford to offer higher *variable* rates on specific categories because they can predict spending patterns and manage their risk. For example, if they know a certain category (like gas) has high consumer spending, they might offer a higher rate there, expecting that many customers will also carry a balance, thus generating interest income to offset the cashback cost.
The profitability for card issuers comes from a combination of merchant fees, interest charges, annual fees, and other fees. A flat 3% or 4% on all purchases, without any other revenue streams to offset it, would likely be unsustainable for most issuers in the long run, especially for customers who pay their balances in full each month.
Are rotating category cards worth the hassle?
For many people, yes, they can be absolutely worth the hassle, but it depends on your dedication and spending habits. If your spending consistently aligns with the bonus categories for most of the year, and you are diligent about activating them each quarter, then the higher rates can significantly boost your overall cashback earnings.
For instance, if you spend $1,500 on groceries every quarter and your card offers 5% back on groceries during that quarter, you earn $75. If you then spend another $1,500 on gas when it’s a 5% category, you earn another $75. Doing this for multiple quarters can add up quickly. Consider the Chase Freedom Flex℠ or Discover it Cash Back, both offering 5% on rotating categories up to $1,500 per quarter. If you can consistently max this out, that’s $300 in cashback per year from bonus categories alone ($1,500 x 4 quarters x 0.05). This is on top of the 1% you earn on other purchases.
However, if your spending is diverse and doesn’t often align with the rotating categories, or if you simply dislike the administrative burden of remembering to activate offers, then the effort might outweigh the reward. In such cases, a flat-rate 2% card might provide a more consistent and less stressful path to good cashback returns.
Should I have multiple cashback cards?
For many savvy spenders, having multiple cashback cards is the key to maximizing earnings. This strategy allows you to cover different spending categories with cards that offer the highest return for each. For example, you might use:
- A flat-rate 2% card for all your general purchases.
- A card with a 5% rotating category bonus for groceries and gas when those are the bonus categories and you spend significantly in them.
- A card like the Blue Cash Preferred for its 6% on U.S. supermarkets (up to the cap) and 6% on streaming, if these are major spending areas for you.
- A card with 3% on dining if you eat out frequently.
The benefit of this approach is that you’re always getting the best possible rate for your various expenses. However, it requires more organization and attention to detail. You need to keep track of spending caps, activation deadlines, and which card to use for which purchase. If this level of management feels overwhelming, it might be better to stick with one or two well-chosen cards that cover your primary spending habits.
The decision to get multiple cards also depends on your credit score and your ability to manage credit responsibly. Applying for too many cards in a short period can negatively impact your credit score. It’s generally advisable to only apply for cards you genuinely need and can manage.
What’s the difference between cashback and points or miles?
Cashback is straightforward: you earn a percentage of your spending back as cash, typically as a statement credit or direct deposit. It’s simple and easy to understand.
Points and miles, on the other hand, are loyalty currencies offered by credit card issuers or specific travel brands (like airlines or hotels). These points or miles can be redeemed for a variety of things, such as free flights, hotel stays, merchandise, gift cards, or sometimes even statement credits. The value of points and miles can fluctuate significantly based on how you redeem them. For instance, 1,000 points might be worth $10 when redeemed for a statement credit, but could be worth $20 or more if redeemed for a first-class flight during a peak travel season.
Key Differences:
- Simplicity: Cashback is generally simpler.
- Value Variability: Points and miles have a variable value; cashback is fixed.
- Redemption Options: Points and miles often offer more premium redemption options (like travel), while cashback is more flexible for everyday needs.
- Earning Rates: Travel cards often offer bonus points/miles on travel and dining, similar to cashback cards offering bonus rates on specific categories. The “highest rate” for points and miles is often about maximizing the value of redeemed rewards, not just the earning rate.
For someone asking “Which cashback card has the highest rate,” the focus is typically on monetary returns. However, if your goal is to save money on travel, then exploring points and miles cards might reveal a higher “effective” return on your spending, even if it’s not direct cash.
Conclusion: The Highest Rate is Personalized
Ultimately, the answer to “Which cashback card has the highest rate?” is not a number, but a strategy. It’s about understanding your own financial habits and aligning them with the best available offers. For some, this means the consistent, no-fuss 2% of a flat-rate card. For others, it’s the calculated effort of maximizing rotating categories on cards like the Chase Freedom Flex℠ or Discover it Cash Back. And for a select group, it might be the higher, category-specific returns of a card like the Blue Cash Preferred, provided the annual fee is justified.
My own journey has taught me that a hybrid approach often works best for a balanced lifestyle. A reliable 2% card for everyday spending, coupled with a strategic use of a bonus category card when it aligns with my significant expenses, seems to hit the sweet spot. It ensures I’m always earning a decent return, while also capitalizing on opportunities for higher rewards without feeling overly burdened by complexity.
Before you apply for any card, remember to do your due diligence. Read the terms and conditions carefully, understand the rewards structure, and honestly assess your spending. The “highest rate” card is the one that puts the most money back into your pocket, consistently and sustainably, based on how *you* spend.